Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation
Identifieur interne : 001E45 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001E44; suivant : 001E46Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation
Auteurs : Bart L. Haagmans [Pays-Bas] ; Said H. S. Al Dhahiry [Qatar] ; Chantal B. E. M. Reusken [Pays-Bas] ; V. Stalin Raj [Pays-Bas] ; Monica Galiano [Royaume-Uni] ; Richard Myers [Royaume-Uni] ; Gert-Jan Godeke [Pays-Bas] ; Marcel Jonges [Pays-Bas] ; Elmoubasher Farag [Qatar] ; Ayman Diab [Qatar] ; Hazem Ghobashy [Qatar] ; Farhoud Alhajri [Qatar] ; Mohamed Al-Thani [Qatar] ; Salih A. Al-Marri [Qatar] ; Hamad E. Al Romaihi [Qatar] ; Abdullatif Al Khal [Qatar] ; Alison Bermingham [Royaume-Uni] ; Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus [Pays-Bas] ; Mohd M. Alhajri [Qatar] ; Marion P. G. Koopmans [Pays-Bas]Source :
- Lancet. Infectious diseases : (print) [ 1473-3099 ] ; 2014.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
English descriptors
Abstract
Background Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in people. Previous studies suggested dromedary camels were a reservoir for this virus. We tested for the presence of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels from a farm in Qatar linked to two human cases of the infection in October, 2013. Methods We took nose swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples from all camels on the Qatari farm. We tested swabs with RT-PCR, with amplification targeting the E gene (upE), nucleocapsid (N) gene, and open reading frame (ORF) 1a. PCR positive samples were tested by different MERS-CoV specific PCRs and obtained sequences were used for phylogentic analysis together with sequences from the linked human cases and other human cases. We tested serum samples from the camels for IgG immunofluorescence assay, protein microarray, and virus neutralisation assay. Findings We obtained samples from 14 camels on Oct 17, 2013. We detected MERS-CoV in nose swabs from three camels by three independent RT-PCRs and sequencing. The nucleotide sequence of an ORF1a fragment (940 nucleotides) and a 4.2 kb concatenated fragment were very similar to the MERS-CoV from two human cases on the same farm and a MERS-CoV isolate from Hafr-Al-Batin. Eight additional camel nose swabs were positive on one or more RT-PCRs, but could not be confirmed by sequencing. All camels had MERS-CoV spike-binding antibodies that correlated well with the presence of neutralising antibodies to MERS-CoV. Interpretation Our study provides virological confirmation of MERS-CoV in camels and suggests a recent outbreak affecting both human beings and camels. We cannot conclude whether the people on the farm were infected by the camels or vice versa, or if a third source was responsible. Funding European Union projects EMPERIE (contract number 223498), ANTIGONE (contract number 278976), and the VIRGO consortium.
Affiliations:
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Al Romaihi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Khal, Abdullatif" sort="Al Khal, Abdullatif" uniqKey="Al Khal A" first="Abdullatif" last="Al Khal">Abdullatif Al Khal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bermingham, Alison" sort="Bermingham, Alison" uniqKey="Bermingham A" first="Alison" last="Bermingham">Alison Bermingham</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Reference Department, Public Health England</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, Albert D M E" sort="Osterhaus, Albert D M E" uniqKey="Osterhaus A" first="Albert D. M. E." last="Osterhaus">Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Mohd M" sort="Alhajri, Mohd M" uniqKey="Alhajri M" first="Mohd M." last="Alhajri">Mohd M. Alhajri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P. G." last="Koopmans">Marion P. G. Koopmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Division of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</s1><s2>Bilthoven</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">14-0056912</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 14-0056912 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:14-0056912</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">000026</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000068</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">000013</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PascalFrancis" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000013</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">1473-3099:2014:Haagmans B:middle:east:respiratory</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">001E60</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">001E45</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">001E45</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: an outbreak investigation</title><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bart L" sort="Haagmans, Bart L" uniqKey="Haagmans B" first="Bart L." last="Haagmans">Bart L. Haagmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Dhahiry, Said H S" sort="Al Dhahiry, Said H S" uniqKey="Al Dhahiry S" first="Said H. S." last="Al Dhahiry">Said H. S. Al Dhahiry</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal B E M" sort="Reusken, Chantal B E M" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal B. E. M." last="Reusken">Chantal B. E. M. Reusken</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Division of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</s1><s2>Bilthoven</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stalin Raj, V" sort="Stalin Raj, V" uniqKey="Stalin Raj V" first="V." last="Stalin Raj">V. Stalin Raj</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Galiano, Monica" sort="Galiano, Monica" uniqKey="Galiano M" first="Monica" last="Galiano">Monica Galiano</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Reference Department, Public Health England</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, Richard" sort="Myers, Richard" uniqKey="Myers R" first="Richard" last="Myers">Richard Myers</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Reference Department, Public Health England</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Godeke, Gert Jan" sort="Godeke, Gert Jan" uniqKey="Godeke G" first="Gert-Jan" last="Godeke">Gert-Jan Godeke</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Division of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</s1><s2>Bilthoven</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jonges, Marcel" sort="Jonges, Marcel" uniqKey="Jonges M" first="Marcel" last="Jonges">Marcel Jonges</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Division of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</s1><s2>Bilthoven</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Farag, Elmoubasher" sort="Farag, Elmoubasher" uniqKey="Farag E" first="Elmoubasher" last="Farag">Elmoubasher Farag</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Diab, Ayman" sort="Diab, Ayman" uniqKey="Diab A" first="Ayman" last="Diab">Ayman Diab</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghobashy, Hazem" sort="Ghobashy, Hazem" uniqKey="Ghobashy H" first="Hazem" last="Ghobashy">Hazem Ghobashy</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Farhoud" sort="Alhajri, Farhoud" uniqKey="Alhajri F" first="Farhoud" last="Alhajri">Farhoud Alhajri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Thani, Mohamed" sort="Al Thani, Mohamed" uniqKey="Al Thani M" first="Mohamed" last="Al-Thani">Mohamed Al-Thani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Marri, Salih A" sort="Al Marri, Salih A" uniqKey="Al Marri S" first="Salih A." last="Al-Marri">Salih A. Al-Marri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Romaihi, Hamad E" sort="Al Romaihi, Hamad E" uniqKey="Al Romaihi H" first="Hamad E." last="Al Romaihi">Hamad E. Al Romaihi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Khal, Abdullatif" sort="Al Khal, Abdullatif" uniqKey="Al Khal A" first="Abdullatif" last="Al Khal">Abdullatif Al Khal</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bermingham, Alison" sort="Bermingham, Alison" uniqKey="Bermingham A" first="Alison" last="Bermingham">Alison Bermingham</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Reference Department, Public Health England</s1><s2>London</s2><s3>GBR</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ><sZ>6 aut.</sZ><sZ>17 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Royaume-Uni</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, Albert D M E" sort="Osterhaus, Albert D M E" uniqKey="Osterhaus A" first="Albert D. M. E." last="Osterhaus">Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alhajri, Mohd M" sort="Alhajri, Mohd M" uniqKey="Alhajri M" first="Mohd M." last="Alhajri">Mohd M. Alhajri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Supreme Council of Health</s1><s2>Doha</s2><s3>QAT</s3><sZ>9 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ><sZ>11 aut.</sZ><sZ>12 aut.</sZ><sZ>13 aut.</sZ><sZ>14 aut.</sZ><sZ>15 aut.</sZ><sZ>16 aut.</sZ><sZ>19 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Qatar</country><wicri:noRegion>Supreme Council of Health</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P. G." last="Koopmans">Marion P. G. Koopmans</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center</s1><s2>Rotterdam</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>18 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening, Division of Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment</s1><s2>Bilthoven</s2><s3>NLD</s3><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>7 aut.</sZ><sZ>8 aut.</sZ><sZ>20 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Pays-Bas</country><wicri:noRegion>Bilthoven</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Lancet. Infectious diseases : (print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Lancet. Infect. dis. : (print)</title><idno type="ISSN">1473-3099</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Lancet. Infectious diseases : (print)</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Lancet. Infect. dis. : (print)</title><idno type="ISSN">1473-3099</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Epidemic</term><term>Middle East respiratory syndrome</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Epidémie</term><term>Coronavirus</term><term>Syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Background Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infection in people. Previous studies suggested dromedary camels were a reservoir for this virus. We tested for the presence of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels from a farm in Qatar linked to two human cases of the infection in October, 2013. Methods We took nose swabs, rectal swabs, and blood samples from all camels on the Qatari farm. We tested swabs with RT-PCR, with amplification targeting the E gene (upE), nucleocapsid (N) gene, and open reading frame (ORF) 1a. PCR positive samples were tested by different MERS-CoV specific PCRs and obtained sequences were used for phylogentic analysis together with sequences from the linked human cases and other human cases. We tested serum samples from the camels for IgG immunofluorescence assay, protein microarray, and virus neutralisation assay. Findings We obtained samples from 14 camels on Oct 17, 2013. We detected MERS-CoV in nose swabs from three camels by three independent RT-PCRs and sequencing. The nucleotide sequence of an ORF1a fragment (940 nucleotides) and a 4.2 kb concatenated fragment were very similar to the MERS-CoV from two human cases on the same farm and a MERS-CoV isolate from Hafr-Al-Batin. Eight additional camel nose swabs were positive on one or more RT-PCRs, but could not be confirmed by sequencing. All camels had MERS-CoV spike-binding antibodies that correlated well with the presence of neutralising antibodies to MERS-CoV. Interpretation Our study provides virological confirmation of MERS-CoV in camels and suggests a recent outbreak affecting both human beings and camels. We cannot conclude whether the people on the farm were infected by the camels or vice versa, or if a third source was responsible. Funding European Union projects EMPERIE (contract number 223498), ANTIGONE (contract number 278976), and the VIRGO consortium.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Qatar</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Hollande-Méridionale</li></region><settlement><li>Londres</li><li>Rotterdam</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Méridionale"><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bart L" sort="Haagmans, Bart L" uniqKey="Haagmans B" first="Bart L." last="Haagmans">Bart L. Haagmans</name></region><name sortKey="Godeke, Gert Jan" sort="Godeke, Gert Jan" uniqKey="Godeke G" first="Gert-Jan" last="Godeke">Gert-Jan Godeke</name><name sortKey="Jonges, Marcel" sort="Jonges, Marcel" uniqKey="Jonges M" first="Marcel" last="Jonges">Marcel Jonges</name><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P. G." last="Koopmans">Marion P. G. Koopmans</name><name sortKey="Koopmans, Marion P G" sort="Koopmans, Marion P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="Marion P. G." last="Koopmans">Marion P. G. Koopmans</name><name sortKey="Osterhaus, Albert D M E" sort="Osterhaus, Albert D M E" uniqKey="Osterhaus A" first="Albert D. M. E." last="Osterhaus">Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus</name><name sortKey="Reusken, Chantal B E M" sort="Reusken, Chantal B E M" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="Chantal B. E. M." last="Reusken">Chantal B. E. M. Reusken</name><name sortKey="Stalin Raj, V" sort="Stalin Raj, V" uniqKey="Stalin Raj V" first="V." last="Stalin Raj">V. Stalin Raj</name></country><country name="Qatar"><noRegion><name sortKey="Al Dhahiry, Said H S" sort="Al Dhahiry, Said H S" uniqKey="Al Dhahiry S" first="Said H. S." last="Al Dhahiry">Said H. S. Al Dhahiry</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Al Khal, Abdullatif" sort="Al Khal, Abdullatif" uniqKey="Al Khal A" first="Abdullatif" last="Al Khal">Abdullatif Al Khal</name><name sortKey="Al Marri, Salih A" sort="Al Marri, Salih A" uniqKey="Al Marri S" first="Salih A." last="Al-Marri">Salih A. Al-Marri</name><name sortKey="Al Romaihi, Hamad E" sort="Al Romaihi, Hamad E" uniqKey="Al Romaihi H" first="Hamad E." last="Al Romaihi">Hamad E. Al Romaihi</name><name sortKey="Al Thani, Mohamed" sort="Al Thani, Mohamed" uniqKey="Al Thani M" first="Mohamed" last="Al-Thani">Mohamed Al-Thani</name><name sortKey="Alhajri, Farhoud" sort="Alhajri, Farhoud" uniqKey="Alhajri F" first="Farhoud" last="Alhajri">Farhoud Alhajri</name><name sortKey="Alhajri, Mohd M" sort="Alhajri, Mohd M" uniqKey="Alhajri M" first="Mohd M." last="Alhajri">Mohd M. Alhajri</name><name sortKey="Diab, Ayman" sort="Diab, Ayman" uniqKey="Diab A" first="Ayman" last="Diab">Ayman Diab</name><name sortKey="Farag, Elmoubasher" sort="Farag, Elmoubasher" uniqKey="Farag E" first="Elmoubasher" last="Farag">Elmoubasher Farag</name><name sortKey="Ghobashy, Hazem" sort="Ghobashy, Hazem" uniqKey="Ghobashy H" first="Hazem" last="Ghobashy">Hazem Ghobashy</name></country><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Galiano, Monica" sort="Galiano, Monica" uniqKey="Galiano M" first="Monica" last="Galiano">Monica Galiano</name></region><name sortKey="Bermingham, Alison" sort="Bermingham, Alison" uniqKey="Bermingham A" first="Alison" last="Bermingham">Alison Bermingham</name><name sortKey="Myers, Richard" sort="Myers, Richard" uniqKey="Myers R" first="Richard" last="Myers">Richard Myers</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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